ABSTRACT
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has impacted the health and welfare of people globally. Given the fundamental role of sleep in health and wellbeing, it is important to study the impact of Covid-19 on sleep quality, dream content and emotionality. This has not been studied among Indian population. The present study was carried out to understand the state of sleep quality, dream contents and the relation between sleep quality and emotionality in people during the Covid-19. Based on previous studies, we expected to find differences among individuals based on how much they were affected by Covid-19, which may be because of pandemic-related stressors (like altered family dynamics, economic stability, etc.). We used Mannheim Dream questionnaire (MADRE), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). We used robust statistics and resampling-based estimates to quantify differences and associations for hypothesis testing. The findings indicate that during pandemic, sleep quality deteriorated with increase in negative affect and improved with increase in positive affect. Sleep quality also deteriorates with an increase in the intensity of emotionally charged dreams. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between age and negative affect (NA) suggesting that the younger the age, higher the negative affective state. Subjects who reported to be Covid-19 affected had an increased frequency of nightmares and were more distressed by nightmares, compared to those reporting not affected. This supports the notion that sleep, dreams, and affective states were disrupted during the pandemic. Subjects infected with Covid-19 had dreams of relatives or friends suffering from coronavirus and this shows the strong effect of the pandemic on the dream contents. Our study highlights the impact of psychological stress on human sleep, and emotionality. According to the study findings, we suggest that monitoring sleep, dreams, and emotions may help in developing effective interventions to restore sleep quality, prevent sleep disorders, and manage affective behaviour in pandemic like situations. © 2023, International Journal of Dream Research. All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected public health system and surveillance of other communicable diseases across the globe. The lockdown, travel constraints and COVID phobia turned down the number of people with illness visiting to the clinics or hospitals. Besides this, the heavy workload of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis has led to the reduction in differential diagnosis of other diseases. Consequently, it added to the underlying burden of many diseases which remained under-diagnosed. Amidst the pandemic, the rise of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases was observed worldwide and reported to the World Health Organization i.e., Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (2022, Iraq;2021 India), Nipah virus (2021, India), Zika virus (2021, India), and H5N1 influenza (2021, India), Monkeypox (2022, multicountry outbreak), Ebola virus disease (2022, DRC, Uganda;2021, DRC, Guinea;2020, DRC), Marburg (2022, Ghana;2021, Guinea), Yellow fever (2022, Uganda, Kenya, West and Central Africa;2021, Ghana, Venezuela, Nigeria;2020, Senegal, Guinea, Nigeria, Gabon;2020, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda), Dengue (2022, Nepal, Pakistan, Sao Tome, Temor-Leste;2021, Pakistan), Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (2022, Oman, Qatar;2021, Saudi Arabia, UAE;2020, Saudi Arabia, UAE), Rift valley fever (2021, Kenya;2020, Mauritania), wild poliovirus type 1 (2022, Mozambique), Lassa fever (2022, Guinea, Togo, Nigeria;2020, Nigeria), Avian Influenza (H3N8) (2022, China), Avian Influenza (H5N1) (2022, USA), H10N3 influenza (2021, China), Hepatitis E virus (2022, Sudan), Measles (2022, Malawi, Afghanistan;2020, Burundi, Mexico), Mayaro virus disease (2020, French Guiana), Oropouche virus disease (2020, French Guiana). All these diseases were associated with high morbidity and burdened the public health system during the COVID-19 pandemic. During this critical public health menace, majority of the laboratory workforce was mobilized to the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. This has limited the surveillance efforts that likely led to under diagnosis and under-detection of many infectious pathogens. Lockdowns and travel limitations also put a hold on human and animal surveillance studies to assess the prevalence of these zoonotic viruses. In addition, lack of supplies and laboratory personnel and an overburdened workforce negatively impacted differential diagnosis of the diseases. This is especially critical given the common symptoms between COVID-19 and other pathogens causing respiratory illnesses. Additionally, the vaccination programs against various vaccine preventable diseases were also hampered which might have added to the disease burden. Despite these challenges, the world is better prepared to detect and respond to emerging/re-emerging pathogens. India now has more than 3000 COVID-19 diagnostic laboratories and an enhanced hospital infrastructure. In addition, mobile BSL-3 facilities are being validated for onsite sampling and testing in remote areas during outbreak situations and surveillance activities. This will undoubtedly be valuable as the COVID-19 pandemic evolves as well as during future outbreaks and epidemics. In conclusion, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of viruses demonstrates that other infectious diseases have been neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lessons learned from the infrastructure strengthening, collaborations with multiple stakeholders, increased laboratory and manufacturing capacity, large-scale COVID-19 surveillance, extensive network for laboratory diagnosis, and intervention strategies can be implemented to provide quick, concerted responses against the future threats associated with other zoonotic pathogens.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 affected millions of lives globally and led to devastating impact on public health. India had also witnessed the dreadful effect of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Within a short span of time, various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were developed using different platforms across the world. India has also developed one such indigenous whole-virion inactivated SARSCoV-2 vaccine named as BBV152 (Covaxin). The Covaxin has been found to be immunogenic and second most widely used vaccine in India. Recent studies have also shown significant increase in the humoral and neutralizing antibody response post the administration of booster dose against Omicron variant. Apparently, there is limited data on the long-term persistence of the immune response against the Covaxin in Indian context. Method(s): We evaluated an effectiveness of the Covaxin and comparing its specific immune responses in two categories through prospective cohorts recruited at the vaccination centre, Pune during June 2021 to March 2022. We defined the study population in two groups who were COVID-19 naive individuals (group-1) and COVID-19 recovered individuals (group-2) prior to the immunization with Covaxin. The two cohorts and the study participants were decided considering the baseline antibody titres against SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 positivity rate, sample power and loss to follow up. The study population was assessed during three follow-ups at second dose, one and six months post second dose to determine the immune response and effectiveness using S1-RBD IgG ELISA and neutralizing antibody response (NAbs) by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Result(s): We enrolled participants between age group of 18-80 year (median 32 years). In group-1 and group-2, we recruited 118 and 128 participants respectively. The cohort retention was found to be> 85%,>70% and>40% in 1st, 2nd and 3rd follow up respectively. Loss to the 3rd follow up was coincided with third wave with omicron variant. A rise in geometrical mean titre (GMT) of S1-RBD IgG were observed amongst the participants of both the groups at one-month post immunization (Group 1: S1-RBD: 154.4 to 446.3, Group 2 S1- RBD: 918 to 1127). However, the GMTs at six months post vaccination found to be slightly raised in Group 1 compared to one-month follow-up. Considering the hybrid immunity in group 2 participants, the GMTs of NAbs were higher than group 1 participants at each follow-up against B.1, Delta, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. Both the groups had shown significant reduction in the levels of NAbs against Delta, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 compared to B.1. The lowest GMTs of NAbs was observed against BA.1 variant. The IgG and NAbs persisted till six months in 90% participants in both categories except BA.1 variant. Breakthrough cases were reported at one-month (n = 1) and six-months (n = 2) post vaccination respectively from group 1. While reinfection cases (n = 3) were detected at six months post vaccination from group 2 due to Omicron BA.1 variant. Conclusion(s): A two-dose regimen of the Covaxin vaccine enhanced humoral immune response in adults with/without past COVID-19 infection and protected more than 90% adults against SARSCoV-2 infection. Additionally, IgG and NAb responses persisted for six months postvaccination.
ABSTRACT
One of the biggest healthcare threats of this century is COVID – 19, undoubtedly. It has caused millions of deaths and raised alerts in the healthcare domain. This study focuses on the importance of 10 native Indian plant species and the phytochemicals obtained from them as a potential inhibitor to the Main protease enzyme of SARS CoV-2. About 26 phytochemicals were shortlisted for the same from the selected plants. Molecular docking was used to analyze the binding affinity of the phytochemicals in the active pocket of the Main protease enzyme to assess their effectiveness. The docking scores resulted in the selection of four compounds being more favorable than the native inhibitor N3, namely Quercetin, Withaferin A, Sominone, and Nimbin, with their binding energies being-8.42,-9.21,-9.95,-8.88 kcal/mol respectively. Furthermore, these four were further analyzed for their bioavailability scores. The studies showed that Sominone, Withaferin A are more potent inhibitors to Mpro of the SARS CoV-2 in all four. Thus further in Vitro studies can be done accordingly for the same. © 2022 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has plunged the world into chaos by affecting people's lifestyles and imposing immense pressures on healthcare professionals. Since its outbreak in Wuhan, China, back in December 2019, researchers all across the globe have been working tirelessly to provide reliable insights to understand and combat the virus. As a result, the number of publications related to the novel coronavirus has been increasing rapidly. This study aims to quantify and summarize the progress of SARS-CoV-2 related research from November 2019 onwards to January 2021 by employing a bibliometric analysis and topic modelling approaches. A total of 33,159 research publications, downloaded from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database, were analyzed. The key aspects of our study include identifying important publications, their distribution across countries and organizations, important journals and central authors who have made a significant contribution to the current literature. We have also delineated the major themes addressed in the academic community. © 2022 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
From the start of the COVID-19 pandemic evidence emerged that children were less affected by SARS-CoV- 2 PCR DNA COVID-19 positive infections with increasing evidence showing immunosuppressed children were less at risk compared to immunosuppressed adults. The aim of our study was to investigate how COVID-19 infections affected paediatric renal transplant recipients in the UK. Methods Questionnaires regarding patient demographics renal transplant information COVID-19 infection data and care of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic were sent out to all 13 UK paediatric nephrology centres. Results 54 patients (69% male;50% Black Asian and minority ethnic [BAME];57% living donors) aged 4-19 (median 11) years and between 2 months - 15 years (median 3 years 1 month) post-transplantation from nine centres tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 PCR DNA. Four centres had no positive patients. 48% presented with the classical COVID-19 symptoms (37% fever 11% continuous cough and 4% loss of sense of taste or smell);atypical presentations included diarrhoea (13%) and headache (8%). 37% of patients were asymptomatic. 28% were hospitalised (median stay 2 days) which included asymptomatic patients admitted for other reasons. Of those admitted one patient required oxygen;however, no patients required ventilation or intensive care admission. One child had a rejection episode as a complication of the infection and one adolescent had ongoing cardiorespiratory symptoms for six months. There was evidence of AKI with renal transplant dysfunction in 31% of patients, with increase in mean baseline plasma creatinine from 80.6mmol/l to 171.7mmol/l but no patients required CVVH or dialysis. Conclusion 9% of the UK paediatric renal transplantation population have had documented SARS-CoV-2 PCR DNA infections with 28% required hospitalisation. There was increased prevalence of AKI particularly after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic possibly due to different variants, although there is no specific virological data to support this.
ABSTRACT
To stop the spread of COVID-19 in this outbreak, diagnostic testing is essential. Quick diagnostic tests must be employed in this pandemic, which is brought on by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus, to successfully treat and manage COVID-19. There are several problems with the present RT-PCR system that the lateral flow assay (LFA), a kind of clinically sensitive diagnostic test, may be able to fix, especially in low-and middle-income nations. Gold nanoparticle-(AuNP-LFA) is a practical method for detecting COVID-19 in basic hospitals and laboratories, particularly in emergency situations where many samples must be quickly examined. Safe, accurate, and non-toxic diagnostic tests must be employed during the pandemic, to successfully treat and manage COVID-19. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody was employed to detect COVID-19 antigens in the presence of patients to establish a fast LFA for COVID-19. Synthesis of colloidal gold particles and antibody colloidal gold conjugates was evaluated by using UV/Vis spectroscopy. A capture line made of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody was coated on nitrocellulose membrane. To create the control line, goat anti-mouse IgG monoclonal antibody was coated. On a polystyrene backing board, the immunochromatographic strip was constructed in the ideal order. Using ELISA as the standard procedure, the strips' sensitivity and specificity were assessed. The results' stability and repeatability were evaluated over a 9-month period. Colloidal gold nanoparticle-based LFAs created in this study can be employed for quicker and more accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2. © 2023 Singh, et al.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Covid-19 sparked new interest in consumer financial resilience (CFR) amongst regulatory authorities, financial institutions, policymakers and the academia. No financial and health crisis has been worse than Covid-19, erasing the growth momentum of nations at all development stages. This study measures consumers' current financial resilience and future expectations within India's emerging market and its likely response to policy measures. Design/methodology/approach: CFR is investigated using individual household data on economic state, employment, income and savings from the Reserve Bank of India's consumer confidence survey. The empirical approach is based on the temporal time-series data with mixed frequency regression. Consumers' current and future expectation indices appear as the regressand, whereas credit-deposit ratio, credit outstanding, number of bank accounts and digital transactions act as main regressors. Findings: The response of consumers' current situation is 3.50 times higher than that of their future expectations. This implies that a rise in the credit-deposit ratio and credit line positively affects CFR. In contrast, a higher number of bank accounts, a proxy for financial inclusion, adversely affect consumer's well-being possibly owing to the government's failure to provide financial support through banking networks. Digital payments (value) positively affect consumers' current situation and future expectations. Practical implications: The results of this study inform policy formulation for enhancing financial resilience. Consumer sentiment index acts as a proxy for CFR. Originality/value: Financial resilience is a concern for policymakers. This study is one of the first studies linking CFR with financial inclusion, credit creation and digital financial capability. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.
ABSTRACT
During the second wave of the viral pandemic, hospitals were overcrowded by the escalation of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases. To effectively address the drastic escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic, innovative solutions are warranted. The rising demand for critical-care services burdens hospitals;hence, to alleviate the burden on the healthcare system, asymptomatic patients or those with mild symptoms can be treated at home through continuous monitoring and care. Affected patients are at risk of hypoxia, which urgently requires oxygen therapy. Depending on the extent of oxygen demand, patients can boost their oxygen levels by making use of a nasal cannula, face mask, oxygen cylinder, and/or oxygen concentrator. Several risk factors are associated with the augmented probability of COVID-19 progression to severe status due to increased oxygen requirement, and they include advanced age, obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. A close monitoring of oxygen saturation (SpO2) along with other clinical investigations like complete and differential blood counts, serum electrolytes, random blood sugar, liver function tests, coagulation profile (Prothrombin Time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR)), renal function test, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer and ferritin level are mandatory for patients receiving home-based oxygen therapy. An awareness of safety considerations such as perfectly fitting, proper sized mask, availability of ventilation, knowledge of caregiver about danger signs and good functioning of fire alarm system at home are of prime importance before setting up oxygenation devices at home, and this further mandates a comprehensive evaluation of home-based management and treatment of mildly symptomatic patients with COVID-19. Copyright © 2023 Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the need for analgesia in patients undergoing single-visit root canal treatment, within 2 days after COVID-19 immunisation. Method(s): Two days after receiving the COVID-19 vaccination, 50 patients undergoing Single visit root canal treatments for acute pulpits in molar teeth were divided into two groups of 25 each (Group M for males and Group F for females). Each patient was given a prescription for 650 mg of acetaminophen (Dolo 650 mg) tablets to be taken eight hours a day, with instructions to use the same only if needed for pain. They were instructed to keep a record of the number of tablets consumed as per record sheet 1, and if the pain did not subside then a stronger analgesic, Ketorolac DT 10 mg twice a day, had to be taken and recorded. Result(s): In Group M, the mean number of analgesic tablets required was 0.44+/-0.64 and in Group F, the mean number of analgesic tablets required was 0.80+/-1.09. Although the mean analgesic requirement was higher in females as compared to males, the difference of 0.80+/-1.09 between the two groups was not significant statistically (0.360). Conclusion(s): Within the limitations of this study, it is concluded that acetaminophen is effective in relieving post-obturation pain after a single-visit RCT in patients recently vaccinated against the CoVid-19. Copyright © 2022 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Treatments for the current global COVID-19 pandemic are still being studied. There are many drugs like Antivirals and immunomodulators have had varying degrees of success in clinical trials. Traditional herbal treatments are widely used to treat a variety of ailments. for disease prevention and treatment, particularly in countries with limited resources. It is really worth noting that now in lower elevations, COVID-related mortality rates were lower. Countries in comparison to the western world other factors that contributed to the disparity nationality, temp, relative humidity, normal resistance, and nourishment are all factors to consider. Objective: The goal of this study was to find out popularity of traditional herbs were utilized in north India to protect against COVID. Method: From October to November 2021, a questionnaire-based study was done in Dehradun district at different place North India. The brief interview was conducted at the request of the participants. A pre-designed questionnaire was used to record responses (Annexure). The data was analyses using descriptive statistics. The interview drew a total of 500 participants. Mask was utilized by the majority of respondents 84%. The use of traditional herbs and spices was affirmed by 66% of the respondents. COVID positive was found in 4 % (n = 10) of the respondents' family members. © 2022 University of Stockholm. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is refers to an innovative technique which generally deals with the machines. AI re use do decrease or minimize the errors and defects in any field. It is a widely separated technique which is used in many fields and especially in pharama sector it is growing day by day to set the new goals and achieved the new and difficult tasks. AI is also used in the detection, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of covid-19. In the crises of covid- 19 or pandemic of covid the AI technology is used as a very potent and powerful weapon. The AI technology needs some work & time to make and innovative and bright future in health care sector. This article provides a brief overview about the technique of AI it's applications, use of AI technique as a potent weapon in covid pandemic problems associated with AI and last but not the least feature of AI in healthcare. © 2022 University of Stockholm. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a haematological malignancy that occurs due to an increased proliferation of mature B lymphocytes. It is considered to be the most common leukaemia in adults. Hyponatremia is commonly seen in such patients. This case report is about a 75-year-old male, who presented with giddiness, followed by altered sensorium. However, the patient had no motor weakness or sensory loss. Initially, a diagnosis of posterior circulation stroke was made but Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain did not show associated signs. The routine investigations showed highly elevated total leukocyte count and hyponatremia. The patient was worked up for malignancy and diagnosed with Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncology reference was taken and treated with tablet Ibrutinib. On discharge, the patient's mentation improved, and he is on regular follow-up.
ABSTRACT
The current study explores the impact of COVID-19 related distress factors on the mental well-being of college students. For the purpose of the study, mental well-being is measured through the depression symptoms and general anxiety levels of the students. The study used judgemental sampling to identify the respondents of the study. The final sample consisted of 147 respondents and the data was analysed on SPSS. The results suggested that while COVID-19 distress factors were not significant in predicting the level of depression symptoms experienced by the students, the general anxiety levels were significantly impacted by the distress factors. The findings are particularly useful for the teachers and institutions working to connect and teach through online platforms. © 2022, Commonwealth of Learning. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Phytosteroids are biologically active compounds found naturally in herb plasma mem-branes, with a chemical composition similar to animal plasma membrane cholesterol. It can be found in almost all fats abundant plant’s diets. One of the vital phytosterols is β-sitosterol which has several biological activities. It has been proved in various in-vivo and in-vitro research in which β-sitosterol stabilized several physiological activities like as antioxidant, CNS activity (like anti-alzheimer, anxiolytic and sedative effects, CNS depressant activity), lipid-lowering effects (like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, anti-cancer and immunomodulatory, protective effects in pulmonary fibrosis, wound healing effects and anti-viral and COVID-19 activity. The experimental research on β-sitosterol shows that it can be used as a nutritional supplement to combat variousexisting diseases. In this review, we are high-lighting the most significant pharmacological action of β-sitosterol on the basis of available litera-ture.
ABSTRACT
Healthcare plays a critical role in the nation development and its economy. Recent Covid-19 pandemic has witnessed the importance of shifting the conventional healthcare infrastructure toward an automated environment that leverages the emerging paradigms such as Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Further, through this chapter, we demonstrated several technologies which are effective and are essential step into future healthcare system. The amalgamation of these technologies will influence future course of healthcare environment which is pervasive and ubiquitous. This chapter explores such transition and opportunities that would bring the disruptive changes through emerging technologies providing connectivity and interaction among machines and humans for better clinical care irrespective of any ethnic or geographical boundaries. © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a highly contagious and deadly infection. Aim: To evaluate the epidemiological pattern and spectrum of the covid ocular morbidity and appraise the typical presentation of ocular manifestations in hospitalized covid patients. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals, who were hospitalized for COVID treatment between May 2021 and June 2021. The Data on patient history, physical exam, thorough ocular examination, laboratory results, and hospital disposition were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 658 patients were included. Ocular signs and symptoms were noted in 162 (24.62%) patients. 51.6% patients wereof >50 years of age and 54.1% were males. 71.6% of them belonged to urban community.75.3% patients developed ocular discomfort with in acute (<1 week) period of covid infection. The most common ocular abnormality was watering with conjunctival irritation, followed by conjunctival injection and lid swelling. Among the 162 patients, 30 (79.0%) developed ocular involvement prior to day 30 of onset of their COVID symptoms. 56.7% patients relieved from ocular discomfort after treatment. 5.7% patients reported deterioration of visual acuity. 65.8% patients reported ocular discomfort associated with regular oxygen mask wearing. Most significant ocular morbidity was black discoloration of lids and peri ocular skin, lid swelling, and redness and purulent discharge of conjunctivitis needed emergency ophthalmic reference. Conclusion: spectrum of covid sore eyes extends from ocular irritation to mucormycosis and other long-term complications.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the comparative results of surface and satellite measurements made during the Phase 1 (25 March to 14 April), Phase 2 (15 April to 3 May) and Phase 3 (3 May to 17 May) of Covid-19 imposed lockdown periods of 2020 and those of the same locations and periods during 2019 over India. These comparative analyses are performed for Indian states and Tier 1 megacities where economic activities have been severely affected with the nationwide lockdown. The focus is on changes in the surface concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), PM2.5 and PM10, Ozone (O-3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and retrieved columnar NO2 from TROPOMI and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from MODIS satellite. Surface concentrations of PM2.5 were reduced by 30.59%, 31.64% and 37.06%, PM10 by 40.64%, 44.95% and 46.58%, SO2 by 16.73%, 12.13% and 6.71%, columnar NO2 by 46.34%, 45.82% and 39.58% and CO by 45.08%, 41.51% and 60.45% during lockdown periods of Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 respectively as compared to those of 2019 periods over India. During 1st phase of lockdown, model simulated PM2.5 shows overestimations to those of observed PM2.5 mass concentrations. The model underestimates the PM2.5 to those of without reduction before lockdown and 1st phase of lockdown periods. The reduction in emissions of PM2.5, PM10, CO and columnar NO2 are discussed with the surface transportation mobility maps during the study periods. Reduction in the emissions based on the observed reduction in the surface mobility data, the model showed excellent skills in capturing the observed PM2.5 concentrations. Nevertheless, during the 1st & 3rd phases of lockdown periods AOD reduced by 5 to 40%. Surface O-3 was increased by 1.52% and 5.91% during 1st and 3rd Phases of lockdown periods respectively, while decreased by-8.29% during 2nd Phase of lockdown period.
ABSTRACT
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of non Hodgkin lymphoma, involving multiple organ system including lymph node, bone marrow, spleen etc. Among overall cases of DLBCL, 40% are extranodal in origin and stomach being the most common site. While most of the (60%) are not diagnosed until the disease reach stage 3 or 4. While in the present case, patient had predominant involvement of neck lymph nodes. Following the final diagnosis, patient was given first line treatment in the form of Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunorubicin hydrochloride (doxorubicin hydrochloride), vincristine (Oncovin) and Prednisone (R-CHOP) regimen, to which patient didn’t respond and further the patient was given Rituximab, Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, and Etoposide (R-ICE)regimen, to which patient responded quickly. With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the patient encountered infection with its associated complication. The following case report is all about the timely management of DLBCL and patient’s survival with COVID-19 and its related complication. Haematological malignancy such as lymphomas, leukaemias, myelomas cause severe myelosuppression and lymphodepletion increasing the risk for development of COVID-19. Studies have shown that patients with malignancy had an estimated two-fold increased risk of contracting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) than the general population. The survival rates strongly depend on COVID-19 stage and other factors such as immune (neutropenia) status and systemic inflammation.